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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">documentation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">История и архивы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>History and Archives</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2658-6541</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28995/2658-6541-2026-8-3-153-166</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">documentation-616</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ, ИСТОЧНИКОВЕДЕНИЕ И МЕТОДЫ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORIOGRAPHY, SOURCE STUDY AND METHODS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Марксистско-ленинская альтернативность: критические замечания И.Д. Ковальченко к концепции контрфактического моделирования Р.У. Фогеля</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Marxist-Leninist alternative: the main critical comments by I.D. Koval’chenko on the counterfactual propositions concept by R.W. Fogel</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6987-8951</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филимонов</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Filimonov</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Илья Н. Филимонов </p><p>117292, Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, д. 19 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya N. Filimonov </p><p>19, Dmitry Ulyanov St., Moscow, 117292 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">filimonovilyan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт российской истории РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>153</fpage><lpage>166</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Филимонов И.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Филимонов И.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Filimonov I.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://documentation.rsuh.ru/jour/article/view/616">https://documentation.rsuh.ru/jour/article/view/616</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена анализу критических замечаний И.Д. Ковальченко относительно концепции контрфактического моделирования Р.У. Фогеля. Данные историки-экономисты являлись апологетами количественных методов в исторической науке, находясь у истоков клиометрического подхода в1950–1970-е гг. Фогель, автор концепции контрфактического моделирования исторических процессов, со второй половины 1970-х гг. возглавлял программу долгосрочного развития американской экономики Национального бюро по экономическим исследованиям. Ковальченко, специалист в области теории и методологии исторической науки, с 1968 г. являлся председателем Комиссии по применению математических методов и ЭВМ в исторических исследованиях при Отделении истории АН СССР.Дискуссия двух ученых разворачивалась в пространстве международных научных встреч и личных контактов, имевших место во второй половине 1970-х гг. и проходивших на фоне разрядки в отношениях между СССР и США – ее финальной стадии. В статье приведены основные положения концепции контрфактического моделирования, а также некоторые взгляды Фогеля на историческую науку. Рассмотрена критика Ковальченко, ее теоретико-методологические основания, находящиеся в рамках монометодологических исследовательских практик философского учения марксизма-ленинизма. Центральным местом дискуссии является вопрос о теоретических основаниях моделирования исторических процессов – целеполагании, способном легитимировать изначальные утверждения, на которых строится модель.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article is devoted to the analysis of I.D. Koval’chenko’s critical remarks on R.W. Fogel’s concept of counterfactual propositions. Being the pioneers in the field of the cliometric approach in the 1950–1970s, these economic historians were the apologists of quantitative methods in historical science. Fogel, the author of the concept, had been the director of the program for studying the long-term development of the American economy at the National Bureau of Economic Research since the second half of the 1970s. Koval’chenko was a specialist in the field of theory and methodology of historical science. He had been the Chairman of the Commission on the Application of Mathematical Methods and Computers in Historical Research at the Department of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1968.The discussion between the two scholars unfolded in a space of international scientific meetings and personal contacts that took place in the second half of the 1970s against the background of detente in the relations between the USSR and the United States, more precisely – in its final stage. The article presents the main provisions of the concept of counterfactual propositions and gives some of Fogel’s views on historical science. The paper also introduces Koval’chenko’s criticism, its theoretical and methodological foundations, which are within the framework of the mono-methodological research practices of the philosophical doctrine of Marxism-Leninism. The central point of the discussion is the issue of the theoretical foundations of modeling historical processes – goal setting, capable of legitimizing the initial statements on which the model is based.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>методология исторической науки</kwd><kwd>Новая экономическая история</kwd><kwd>марксизм-ленинизм</kwd><kwd>контрфактическое моделирование</kwd><kwd>альтернативная история</kwd><kwd>структурализм</kwd><kwd>институты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>methodology of historical science</kwd><kwd>New Economic History</kwd><kwd>Marxism-Leninism</kwd><kwd>counterfactual propositions</kwd><kwd>alternate history</kwd><kwd>structuralism</kwd><kwd>institutions</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Минобрнауки России для ИРИ РАН (тема 0149-2025-0010 «Общество и его социальная структура в российской истории», НИОКТР 125022002763-0).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation to the IRI RAS (project 0149-2025-0010 “Society and Its Social Structure in Russian History,” NIOKTR 125022002763-0).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Автономова 1977 – Автономова Н.С. 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