Based on the documents of the State Archives of the Astrakhan region, the article discusses the deployment of hospitals in Astrakhan and the Astrakhan region during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. During the war, the Astrakhan region was the capital of hospitals in the South of Russia. According to the Astrakhan military Commissariat, more than 80 hospitals were founded in Astrakhan and the region. But the number of evacuation hospitals in the Astrakhan area was not constant and depended on the specific situation at the front. The authors try to consider and analyze the role of the local party and state bodies in the solution of material and consumer services, in the catering for the wounded and the sick, and in the supply of medicines to medical institutions. Under wartime conditions, the most important task of the medical institutions was to prevent the emergence and spread of epidemics and infections among the population. In hospitals, special attention was paid to the implementation of sanitary and anti-epidemic measures and compliance with the sanitary and hygienic regime. Considerable attention is paid to the new methods of treatment of the wounded and the exchange of experience of medical services in evacuation hospitals. The article highlights the huge role of medical personnel and examines the work of the Astrakhan region blood transfusion station.